Ganja

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas

Langsung ke: navigasi, cari

Untuk ganja sebagai nama kota lihat: Ganja (kota)

?

Cannabis(Ganja)
Daun Ganja
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan: Plantae Divisi: Magnoliophyta Kelas: Magnoliopsida Ordo: Urticales Famili: Cannabaceae Genus: Cannabis Spesies: C. sativa
Nama binomial
Cannabis sativa Linnaeus
Subspecies
C. sativa L. subsp. sativa C. sativa L. subsp. indica

Ganja (Cannabis sativa syn. Cannabis indica) adalah tumbuhannarkotika pada bijinya, tetrahidrokanabinol (THC, tetra-hydro-cannabinol) yang dapat membuat pemakainya mengalami euforia (rasa senang yang berkepanjangan tanpa sebab). budidaya penghasil serat, namun lebih dikenal karena kandungan zat

Ganja menjadi simbol budaya hippies yang pernah populer di Amerika Serikat. Hal ini biasanya dilambangkan dengan daun ganja yang berbentuk khas. Selain itu ganja dan opium juga didengungkan sebagai simbol perlawanan terhadap arus globalisme yang dipaksakan negara kapitalis terhadap negara berkembang. Di India, sebagian Sadhu yang menyembah dewa Shiva menggunakan produk derivatif ganja untuk melakukan ritual penyembahan dengan cara menghisap Hashish melalui pipa Chilam/Chillum, dan dengan meminum Bhang.

Daftar isi [sembunyikan] 1 Kontroversi 2 Pemanfaatan 3 Budidaya 4 Pelafalan dalam bahasa lain

[sunting] Kontroversi

Kenetralan sebagian atau keseluruhan artikel ini dipertentangkan. Silakan melihat pembicaraan di halaman diskusi artikel ini.

Di beberapa negara tumbuhan ini tergolong narkotika, walau tidak terbukti bahwa pemakainya menjadi kecanduan, berbeda dengan obat-obatan terlarang yang berdasarkan bahan kimiawi dan merusak sel-sel otak, yang sudah sangat jelas bahayanya bagi umat manusia. Diantara pengguna ganja, beragam efek yang dihasilkan, terutama euphoria (rasa gembira) yang berlebihan, serta hilangnya konsentrasi untuk berpikir diantara para pengguna tertentu.

Efek negatif secara umum adalah bila sudah menghisap maka pengguna akan menjadi malas dan otak akan lamban dalam berpikir. Namun, hal ini masih menjadi kontroversi, karena tidak sepenuhnya disepakati oleh beberapa kelompok tertentu yang mendukung medical marijuana dan marijuana pada umumnya. Selain diklaim sebagai pereda rasa sakit, dan pengobatan untuk penyakit tertentu (termasuk kanker), banyak juga pihak yang menyatakan adanya lonjakan kreatifitas dalam berfikir serta dalam berkarya (terutama pada para seniman dan musisi.

Berdasarkan penelitian terakhir, hal ini (lonjakan kreatifitas), juga di pengaruhi oleh jenis ganja yang digunakan. Salah satu jenis ganja yang dianggap membantu kreatifitas adalah hasil silangan modern "Cannabis indica" yang berasal dari India dengan "Cannabis sativa" dari Barat, dimana jenis Marijuana silangan inilah yang merupakan tipe yang tumbuh di Indonesia.

Efek yang dihasilkan juga beragam terhadap setiap individu, dimana dalam golongan tertentu ada yang merasakan efek yang membuat mereka menjadi malas, sementara ada kelompok yang menjadi aktif, terutama dalam berfikir kreatif (bukan aktif secara fisik seperti efek yang dihasilkan Methamphetamin). Marijuana, hingga detik ini, tidak pernah terbukti sebagai penyebab kematian maupun kecanduan. Bahkan, di masa lalu dianggap sebagai tanaman luar biasa, dimana hampir semua unsur yang ada padanya dapat dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai keperluan. Hal ini sangat bertolak belakang dan berbeda dengan efek yang dihasilkan oleh obat-obatan terlarang dan alkohol, yang menyebabkan penggunanya menjadi kecanduan hingga tersiksa secara fisik, dan bahkan berbuat kekerasan maupun penipuan (aksi kriminal) untuk mendapatkan obat-obatan kimia buatan manusia itu. (dari berbagai sumber)

[sunting] Pemanfaatan

Tumbuhan ganja telah dikenal manusia sejak lama dan digunakan sebagai bahan pembuat kantung karena serat yang dihasilkannya kuat. Biji ganja juga digunakan sebagai sumber minyak.

Namun demikian, karena ganja juga dikenal sebagai sumber narkotika dan kegunaan ini lebih bernilai ekonomi, orang lebih banyak menanam untuk hal ini dan di banyak tempat disalahgunakan.

Di sejumlah negara penanaman ganja sepenuhnya dilarang. Di beberapa negara lain, penanaman ganja diperbolehkan untuk kepentingan pemanfaatan seratnya. Syaratnya adalah varietas yang ditanam harus mengandung bahan narkotika yang sangat rendah atau tidak ada sama sekali.

Sebelum ada larangan ketat terhadap penanaman ganja, di Aceh daun ganja menjadi komponen sayur dan umum disajikan.

Bagi penggunanya, daun ganja kering dibakar dan dihisap seperti rokok, dan bisa juga dihisap dengan alat khusus bertabung yang disebut bong.

[sunting] Budidaya

Tanaman ini ditemukan hampir disetiap negara tropis. Bahkan beberapa negara beriklim dingin pun sudah mulai membudidayakannya dalam rumah kaca.

[sunting] Pelafalan dalam bahasa lain

Sebutan lain: marijuana (Bahasa Inggris), tampee (Bahasa Inggris Jamaika), pot, weed, dope atau green stuff (slang bahasa Inggris), cimeng atau gele (slang bahasa Indonesia).

biograffi BOB MARLEY

"I love the development of our music, that's what I
really dig about the whole thing. How we've tried
to develop, y'know? It grows. That's why every day
people come forward with new songs. Music goes on
forever."

--Bob Marley, August 1979

We remember the brilliant and evocative music Bob Marley gave the world; music that stretches back over nearly two decades and still remains timeless and universal. Marley has been called "the first Third World superstar," "Rasta Prophet," "visionary," and" "revolutionary artist." These accolades were not mere hyperbole. Marley was one of the most charismatic and challenging performers of our time.

Bob Marley's career stretched back over twenty years. During that time Marley's growing style encompassed every aspect in the rise of Jamaican music, from ska to contemporary reggae. That growth was well reflected in the maturity of the Wailers' music.

Bob's first recording attempts came at the beginning of the Sixties. His first two tunes, cut as a solo artist, meant nothing in commercial terms and it wasn't until 1964, as a founding member of a group called the Wailing Wailers, that Bob first hit the Jamaican charts.

The record was "Simmer Down," and over the next few years the Wailing Wailers -- Bob, Peter Mclntosh and Bunny Livingston, the nucleus of the group -- put out some 30 sides that properly established them as one of the hottest groups in Jamaica. Mclntosh later shortened his surname to Tosh while Livingston is now called Bunny Wailer.

Despite their popularity, the economics of keeping the group together proved too much and the two other members, Junior Braithwaite and Beverley Kelso, left the group. At the same time Bob joined his mother in the United States. This marked the end of the Wailing Wailers, Chapter One.

Marley's stay in America was short-lived, however, and he returned to Jamaica to join up again with Peter and Bunny. By the end of the Sixties, with the legendary reggae producer Lee "Scratch" Perry at the mixing desk, The Wailers were again back at the top in Jamaica. The combination of the Wailers and Perry resulted in some of the finest music the band ever made. Tracks like "Soul Rebel," "Duppy Conquerer," "400 Years," and "Small Axe" were not only classics, but they defined the future direction of reggae.

It's difficult to properly understand Bob Marley's music without considering Rastafari. His spiritual beliefs are too well known to necessitate further explanation. It must be stated, however, that Rastafari is at the very core of the Wailers' music.

In 1970 Aston Familyman Barrett and his brother Carlton (bass and drums, respectively) joined the Wailers. They came to the band unchallenged as Jamaica's HARDEST rhythm section; a reputation that was to remain undiminished during the following decade. Meanwhile, the band's own reputation was, at the start of the Seventies, an extraordinary one throughout the Caribbean. However, the band was still unknown internationally.

That was to change in 1972 when the Wailers signed to Island Records. It was a revolutionary move for an international record company and a reggae band. For the first time a reggae band had access to the best recording facilities and were treated in the same way as a rock group. Before the Wailers signed to Island, it was considered that reggae sold only on singles and cheap compilation albums. The Wailer's first album, Catch A Fire broke all the rules: it was beautifully packaged and heavily promoted. And it was the start of a long climb to international fame and recognition.

The Catch A Fire album was followed a year later by Burnin', an LP that included some of the band's older songs, such as "Duppy Conquerer," "Small Axe," and "Put In On," together with tracks like "Get Up Stand Up" and "I Shot The Sheriff" (which was also recorded by Eric Clapton, who had a #1 hit with it in America).

In 1975 Bob Marley & The Wailers released the extraordinary Natty Dread album, and toured Europe that summer. The shows were recorded and the subsequent live album, together with the single, "No Woman No Cry," both made the UK charts. By that time Bunny and Peter had officially left the band to pursue their own solo careers.

Rastaman Vibration, the follow-up album in 1976, cracked the American charts. It was, for many, the clearest exposition yet of Marley's music and beliefs, including such tracks as "Crazy Baldhead," "Johnny Was," "Who The Cap Fit" and, perhaps most significantly of all, "War," the Iyrics of which were taken from a speech by Emperor Haile Selassie.

In 1977 Exodus was released, which established Marley's international superstar status. It remained on the British charts for 56 straight weeks, and netted three UK hit singles, "Exodus," "Waiting In Vain," and "Jamming."

In 1978 the band released Kaya, which hit number four on the UK chart the week of its release. That album saw Marley in a different mood -- Kaya was an album of love songs, and, of course, homages to the power of ganja.

There were two more events in 1978, both of which were of extraordinary significance to Marley. In April that year he returned to Jamaica (he had left in 1976 after the shooting that had almost cost him his life), to play the One Love Peace Concert in front of the Prime Minister Michael Manley, and the then Leader of the Opposition Edward Seaga. And at the end of the year he visited Africa for the first time, going initially to Kenya and then on to Ethiopia, spiritual home of Rastafari.

Marley returned to Africa in 1980 at the official initation of the Government of Zimbabwe to play at that country's Independence Ceremony. It was the greatest honor afforded the band, and one which underlined the Wailers' importance in the Third World.

In 1979 the Survival LP was released. A European tour came the following year: the band broke festival records throughout the continent, including a 100,000 capacity show in Milan. Bob Marley & the Wailers were now the most important band on the road that year and the new Uprising album hit every chart in Europe. It was a period of maximum optimism and plans were being made for an American tour, an opening slot with Stevie Wonder for the following winter.

At the end of the European tour, Bob Marley & The Wailers went to America. Bob played two shows at Madison Square Garden but, immediately afterwards he was seriously ill. Cancer was diagnosed.

Marley fought the disease for eight months. The battle, however, proved to be too much. He died in a Miami Hospital on May 11,1981.

A month before the end Bob was awarded Jamaica's Order of Merit, the nations' third highest honor, in recognition of his outstanding contribution to the country's culture.

On Thursday, May 23,1981, the Honorable Robert Nesta Marley was given an official funeral by the people of Jamaica. Following the funeral -- attended by both the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition -- Bob's body was taken to his birthplace where it now rests in a mausoleum. Bob Marley was 36 years old. His legend lives on.